به گزارش اداره روابط عمومی و اطلاع رسانی پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی، ششمین پیش نشست همایش ملی نقش انقلاب اسلامی در تأسیس و توسعه علوم انسانی با موضوع ”تحولات مفهومی ربا، بهره و بانک در پنجاه سال اخیر در جوامع اسلامی” توسط گروه سیاست با همکاری گروه اقتصاد پژوهشگاه و با ارائه استاد سید عباس موسویان در قم برگزار شد.
حجت الاسلام والمسلمین دکتر سید عباس موسویان عضو هیات علمی گروه اقتصاد پژوهشکده نظام های اسلامی پژوهشگاه در این نشست که صبح امروز برگزارشد گفت: از زمانی که صنعت بانکداری وارد جوامع اسلامی شد، مشروعیت ماهیت، اهداف و معاملات نهاد بانک همواره مورد بحث جدی فقها و متفکرین اسلامی بوده اس.
وی افزود: اندیشه وران مسلمان از یک سو میدیدند که نهاد بانک با تجهیز پساندازهای ریز و درشت و تبدیل آنها به سرمایههای مولد، باعث رشد و شکوفایی اقتصاد شده و اشتغال و درآمد برای مردم به ارمغان میآورد؛ از سوی دیگر به نظر میرسید که اغلب معاملههای بانکها بر قرض با بهره مبتنی است که از دیدگاه فقه اسلامی ربا محسوب شده و جزو گناهان کبیره است.
وی با عنوان اینکه طی دهههای اخیر به ویژه بعد از پیروزی انقلاب ایران تلاشهای زیادی برای رفع این تناقض صورت گرفت گفت: تلاش های صورت گرفته پس از انقلاب باعث تحولات مفهومی و کارکردی در نهادهایی چون ربا، بهره، بانک و معاملات بانکی گردید.
این استاد اقتصاد اسلامی تصریح داشت: برخی از متفکران مسلمان در مواجهه با نهاد بانک و پدیده بهره تلاش کردند تا نشان دهند که ربای محرم در اسلام به لحاظ مفهومی، با بهره در ادبیات اقتصاد سرمایهداری تفاوت کلیدی دارد. و نتیجه میگیرند که نظام بانکداری غربی ربوی محسوب نمیشود.
این دیدگاه به شیوههای مختلفی مطرح شده است که میتوان در دو دوره قبل از تجربه بانکداری بدون ربا و بعد از آن تقسیم کرد. در دوره نخست به دلایلی چون اختصاص ربا به ربای جاهلی یا اختصاص ربا به قرضهای مصرفی و یا اختصاص ربا به بهرههای فاحش استناد میکردند که پاسخ آنها در کلمات محققان و متفکران اسلامی داده شده و در متون مرجع موجود است. اما در دوره بعد از تجربه بانکداری بدون ربا دیدگاه توجیه بهره بانکی در قالب مباحث جدیدی در عرصه بانکداری تجاری و مرکزی مطرح است که در ادامه به دو مورد از مهمترین آنها اشاره میشود.
عضو هیات علمی پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی در تبیین ضرورت تفکیک بین بهره طبیعی و بهره قراردادی افزود: برخی از محققین با تفکیک مفهوم «بهره طبیعی» و «بهره قراردادی»، ربای محرم در اسلام را با دو استدلال محدود به بهره قراردادی مینمایند. یک اینکه بدون وجود نرخ بهره، که ارزش درآمد حاضر را در قبال درآمد آتی مشخص میکند، تنزیل درآمدهای آتی به ارزش فعلی امکانپذیر نیست. بنابراین، تعیین قیمت کالاها در زندگی اقتصادی متوقف بر وجود نرخ بهره است. در نظام سرمایهداری وابسته به اعتبار، نرخ بهره است که عرضه و تقاضای فعالیتهای اقتصادی را با یکدیگر برابر میسازد.
دکتر موسویان همچنین گفت: بهره قراردادی، درآمدی است که صاحب سرمایه در قراردادهای رسمی و حقوقی، در قبال قراردادن سرمایه کالایی یا نقدی خود در اختیار دیگران مطالبه میکند. اما بهره طبیعی بر مبنای ارزشگذاری جامعه برای یک واحد درآمد حاضر در مقابل همان مقدار درآمد آتی (معمولاً یک سال بعد)، با این فرض که حصول درآمد در آینده، قطعی و بدون هر نوع خطری باشد، تعیین میشود. این تفاوت در ارزش که تنها بهدلیل گذشت زمان ایجاد میشود و در زندگی اقتصادی حال را به آینده پیوند میدهد، بهره طبیعی نام دارد.
لازم به ذکر است نشست علمی ”تحولات مفهومی ربا، بهره و بانک در پنجاه سال اخیر در جوامع اسلامی” صبح روز دوشنبه ۲۸ آبان ماه جاری با حضور صاحبنظران این حوزه در سالن فرهنگ پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی دفتر قم برگزار شد.
در همین راستا نیز “همایش ملی نقش انقلاب اسلامی در تأسیس و توسعه علوم انسانی” همزمان با چهلمین سالگرد پیروزی شکوهمند انقلاب اسلامی ایران بهمن ماه سال جاری در شهر مقدس قم برگزار خواهد شد.
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